如何使用 Laravel 创建 REST API
时间:2024-12-6 21:47 作者:emer 分类: 无

您好!在本教程中,我们将在 laravel 中构建一个完整的 rest api 来管理任务。我将指导您完成从设置项目到创建自动化测试的基本步骤。
第 1 步:项目设置
创建一个新的 laravel 项目:
composer create-project laravel/laravel task-api cd task-api code .登录后复制
配置数据库:
在 .env 文件中,设置数据库配置:
db_database=task_api db_username=your_username db_password=your_password登录后复制
生成任务表:
运行命令为任务表创建新的迁移:
php artisan make:migration create_tasks_table --create=tasks登录后复制
在迁移文件(database/migrations/xxxx_xx_xx_create_tasks_table.php)中,定义表结构:
<?php
use illuminatedatabasemigrationsmigration;
use illuminatedatabaseschemalueprint;
use illuminatesupportacadesschema;
return new class extends migration
{
public function up(): void
{
schema::create('tasks', function (blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->string('title');
$table->text('description')->nullable();
$table->boolean('completed')->default(false);
$table->timestamps();
});
}
public function down(): void
{
schema::dropifexists('tasks');
}
};
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运行迁移以创建表:
php artisan migrate登录后复制
第 2 步:创建模型和控制器
为任务创建模型和控制器:
php artisan make:model task php artisan make:controller taskcontroller --api登录后复制
定义任务模型(app/models/task.php):
<?php
namespace appmodels;
use illuminatedatabaseeloquentactorieshasfactory;
use illuminatedatabaseeloquentmodel;
class task extends model
{
use hasfactory;
protected $fillable = ['title', 'description', 'completed'];
}
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第 3 步:定义 api 路由
在routes/api.php文件中,添加taskcontroller的路由:
<?php
use apphttpcontrollers askcontroller;
use illuminatesupportacades
oute;
route::apiresource('tasks', taskcontroller::class);
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第四步:在taskcontroller中实现crud
在taskcontroller中,我们将实现基本的crud方法。
<?php
namespace apphttpcontrollers;
use appmodels ask;
use illuminatehttp
equest;
class taskcontroller extends controller
{
public function index()
{
$tasks = task::all();
return response()->json($tasks, 200);
}
public function store(request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
'description' => 'nullable|string'
]);
$task = task::create($request->all());
return response()->json($task, 201);
}
public function show(task $task)
{
return response()->json($task, 200);
}
public function update(request $request, task $task)
{
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
'description' => 'nullable|string',
'completed' => 'boolean'
]);
$task->update($request->all());
return response()->json($task, 201);
}
public function destroy(task $task)
{
$task->delete();
return response()->json(null, 204);
}
}
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步骤 5:测试端点(vs code)
现在我们将使用名为 rest client 的 vs code 扩展手动测试每个端点 (https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemname=humao.rest-client)。如果您愿意,您还可以使用失眠或邮递员!
安装扩展程序后,在项目文件夹中创建一个包含以下内容的 .http 文件:
### create new task
post http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
{
"title": "study laravel"
}
### show tasks
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
### show task
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
### update task
put http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
{
"title": "study laravel and docker",
"description": "we are studying!",
"completed": false
}
### delete task
delete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
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此文件可让您使用 rest 客户端 扩展直接从 vs code 发送请求,从而轻松测试 api 中的每个路由。
第 6 步:测试 api
接下来,让我们创建测试以确保每条路线按预期工作。
首先,为任务模型创建一个工厂:
php artisan make:factory taskfactory登录后复制
<?php
namespace databaseactories;
use illuminatedatabaseeloquentactoriesactory;
class taskfactory extends factory
{
public function definition(): array
{
return [
'title' => fake()->sentence(),
'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
'completed' => false,
];
}
}
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phpunit 配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/xmlschema-instance"
xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
colors="true"
>
<testsuites>
<testsuite name="unit">
<directory>tests/unit</directory>
</testsuite>
<testsuite name="feature">
<directory>tests/feature</directory>
</testsuite>
</testsuites>
<source>
<include>
<directory>app</directory>
</include>
</source>
<php>
<env name="app_env" value="testing" />
<env name="bcrypt_rounds" value="4" />
<env name="cache_driver" value="array" />
<env name="db_connection" value="sqlite" />
<env name="db_database" value=":memory:" />
<env name="mail_mailer" value="array" />
<env name="pulse_enabled" value="false" />
<env name="queue_connection" value="sync" />
<env name="session_driver" value="array" />
<env name="telescope_enabled" value="false" />
</php>
</phpunit>
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创建集成测试:
php artisan make:test taskapitest登录后复制
在tests/feature/taskapitest.php文件中,实现测试:
<?php
namespace testseature;
use appmodels ask;
use illuminateoundation esting
efreshdatabase;
use tests estcase;
class taskapitest extends testcase
{
use refreshdatabase;
public function test_can_create_task(): void
{
$response = $this->postjson('/api/tasks', [
'title' => 'new task',
'description' => 'task description',
'completed' => false,
]);
$response->assertstatus(201);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => 'new task',
'description' => 'task description',
'completed' => false,
]);
}
public function test_can_list_tasks()
{
task::factory()->count(3)->create();
$response = $this->getjson('/api/tasks');
$response->assertstatus(200);
$response->assertjsoncount(3);
}
public function test_can_show_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->getjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");
$response->assertstatus(200);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => $task->title,
'description' => $task->description,
'completed' => false,
]);
}
public function test_can_update_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->putjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}", [
'title' => 'update task',
'description' => 'update description',
'completed' => true,
]);
$response->assertstatus(201);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => 'update task',
'description' => 'update description',
'completed' => true,
]);
}
public function test_can_delete_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->deletejson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");
$response->assertstatus(204);
$this->assertdatabasemissing('tasks', ['id' => $task->id]);
}
}
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运行测试:
php artisan test登录后复制
*谢谢! *
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